Friday, July 19, 2024

France 2024 – Days 41 and 42 – Bergerac

I did little these two days, outside of feeling sorry for myself. Well, I went to the supermarket and found a neat package of three pork brains, that the following day turned into a delicious déjeuner. First you soak the brains in milk and salt overnight, “to extract the blood”. By lunch time you pat them dry, take off the dura mater membrane, and roll them in flour. At the same time you put butter on a pan, remembering Julia Child’s advice that “the trick to cooking with butter is to use a lot of butter”. Once the butter starts to brown you braise the brains. While they braise you cut a handful of shallots in small slices and add them to the pan, together with salt. Once the shallots are cooked add a splash of white wine to deglaze the pan, and allow the whole thing to cook for a few minutes until it reduces in half. The final touch consists of adding a couple of generous table spoons of crème fraiche and two dollops of butter (yes, more butter!), a mix of thyme, marjoram, and lavender (and whatever else you heart desires), and the juice of one lemon. Mix gently to create a creamy sauce and let it cook for another five minutes to let the flavors meld, and in the meantime cut open two croissants. Garnish a plate with juicy slices of tomato, and serve the cerveaux a la crème over the open croissants. C’est ci bon!

A couple of things I had forgotten to mention were that (1) during my visit to La Micoque I had collected several flint nodules, with the idea of trying to reproduce one of the prehistoric artifacts I have seen (unbeknownst to many, in the early 1980’s I did some research on the distribution of archaeological obsidian in Mesoamerica and learnt how knap crude blades), and (2) while bicycling along the Atlantic coast I collected four coquilles Saint-Jacques or scallop shells in  English or concha de Vieira in Spanish; in short, the shells that look like the symbol of the Shell Oil Company. I collected them as symbols that Margarita, Chrissy, Raimond, and myself are going to become Peregrinos del Camino de Santiago in less than three days.

Add the two items together, and I conceived the idea of knapping some small burins out of flint (or silex in French), so I could make two small holes on each shell, to pass a string to them so each of us can carry a concha over our chest, which for over 1,000 years has been the symbol of the pilgrims that by the tens of thousands follow the different routes of El Camino to arrive to Santiago de Compostela and visit the resting place of Santiago, the Apostol. Of course you can buy a shell raised and processed in China for a few euros at any of the innumerable tourist shops, but in this way I hope that this symbol of our pilgrimage will become something special for our small band. It sure took some time because my burins would lose their sharpness rather quickly, so I had to keep knapping new ones. Once I had the holes made, I realized I didn’t have any suitable cordage and had to jump on my bike and go to the other end of town to buy a suitable thin but strong line at Decathlon, which gave me a good excuse to do some exercise and catch some sun.

I am sure I will have lots of opportunities to talk about this, but in the Middle Ages devout Catholics were encouraged to make three holy trips: The first one to Jerusalem, as a palmario or bearer of palm fronds to visit the Holy Sepulcher, the second one to Rome, as a romano to pray at the tomb of Saint Peter Apostol, and the third one to Compostela, as a peregrino to pray at the tomb of Santiago Apostol. Nobody knows where the other ten apostles rest, so praying at their tombs was not feasible. There is a slight similarity with the Muslim visit to Mecca, as a hajji.

And now I ponder, how did Sanctus Iacobus in Latin became Santiago in Spanish? Google has a couple of hypotheses handy. For example, it could come from Hebrew, where Iacobus could have morphed into Ya'akov > Iago > Yago, and thus Sanctus Iacobus became San Thiago in Portuguese and San Tiago in Spanish. Why did Spanish-speakers merged San Tiago into Santiago remains an interesting question. I am sure there are also plenty of paths through which Iacobus could have morphed into Jacques in French, Jacob in German, and James in English.

And why is the city where Santiago rests called Compostela? One story tells us that Santiago and Mary came together to the Iberian Peninsula, and Mary was followed by a trail of stars. As they stopped to rest, the peasants saw the stars settle around the plain where Mary had sat, turning it into a Campus Stellae, or Compostela.  

Thursday, July 4, 2024

France 2024 – Days 39 and 40 – La Rochelle

The sun shining through the window told me I had overslept a little. I felt much recovered from yesterday exertions, but still a bit achy. However, there was no point wasting daylight, so after a quick breakfast I went out to explore the city. I had already looked through the old town, but saw in Google Maps a nice city park, narrow and long following a creek that empties in the bay, which was inviting me to explore it. First thing I saw on arrival were a group of trees that had been painted blue in their lower meter or so. A celebration of France’s soccer victory over Belgium last night? No, as it turns out it is a project to remind folks that the city was flooded by the storm surge of storm Xynthia in 2010, with the level of the water being marked by the blue portion of the submerged trees. Trees might not like being painted blue, so the city uses some sort of food-grade color that slowly fades with time, just like the memories of people fade through time, and refreshes the color every 6 years to remind folks to be alert and follow the emergency evacuation orders. In line with the paranoia about rising sea level they have added another thin blue line 30 cm above the historic flood level, to scare people into submission about what a storm surge could be like in another 50 years.

The park is used by a great variety of people for jogging, bicycling, pushing the poussette to sunbathe the babies, or just walk in the company of their friends (or their cell phones). There is also a small free zoo, where kids can come to see a good variety of farm animals.

Done with the zoo, and not wanting to undertake any long distance trips, I took a short walk through the ramparts, admiring the old medieval lighthouse, and the two towers that protect the entrance to the old port. The towers are all that was left of the old wall and fortifications that surrounded the city when the English were in possession of this part of France; they were destroyed by the French when they conquered Nouvelle Aquitaine (just like they did in Bergerac), but the Protestant inhabitants of La Rochelle—having withstood a nasty siege—were able to negotiate a special status as one of three cities where Protestant temples were allowed to persist. Protestants were allowed the freedom of religion throughout Nouvelle Aquitaine, but Catholicism was the official state religion and Protestant temples slowly disappeared.

By 10h30 I was done with my exploration, and back in the old port saw that a sightseeing ship was getting ready to depart for Fort Boyard and Île d’Aix, and I jumped on it. Fort Boyard is the equivalent to Chateau d’If in Marseille in that both of them eventually morphed into prisons, but there all comparison ends. Fort Boyard is a rather ugly structure that reminded me of a half-submerged can of Spam. It was built during Napoleon’s empire to protect the Arsenal at La Rochelle (which for some strange reason is called the Rochefort Arsenal), but it never served its purpose because if took forever to build. First a foundation had to be built, dropping large rocks unto the floor of the bay at low tide, and then seeing them be scattered all over the place by the many storms that hit the Atlantic shore. Then the Napoleonic empire came to an end, and the French authorities, saddled with that particular eyesore, used it briefly as a prison. Eventually the prison was abandoned and the whole thing fell into disrepair. If Géraldine had been looking for a real estate bargain 30 years ago, she could have bought it for the measly sum of 4,500 euros! Alas, a TV studio bought it for that paltry sum, turned it into a TV set, and proceeded to make millions with their action game Les Clés de Fort Boyard. The premise is that there is a treasure hidden in the fort, which is inhabited by a hermit and a group of dwarfs, and six to eight players come to the fort to search for the keys to the many treasure coffers, and presumably the winning team either goes home with one of the keys (I imagine the winning team gets a chance to come back) or with part of the treasure. Apparently it has been a fabulously successful series over the last 30 years, and all French have seen it at some time of the other, so taking a boat to go around it is a major touristic attraction at La Rochelle.

The excitement wears out quickly (again, it seems like going around a can of Spam, and there is only so much you can get excited about this), so as a palliative one is allowed to disembark on the Île d’Aix, which is not very large but receives the tourist with open arms. There is a small town with rental cabins, several restaurants, bikes for rent, and plenty of trails to follow around and across the small island. You can also take a ride on a horse-drawn cart, sunbathe on the rocks, and even bathe in frigid waters. The three hours I spent there were pleasant, but gave me a bit of island fever.

Back in La Rochelle I had time for one more thing, and I chose to visit the aquarium. I have visited many aquaria over the years, and cannot fail to compare them with the excellent Monterey Bay Aquarium in California. If Monterey is a 10, I would rank La Rochelle as a 9. They did a great job explaining and demonstrating the species that live along the Atlantic coast, and I found particularly fascinating learning about the sturgeon, eels, and salmon that migrate into the estuary of La Gironde to reproduce, in some instances going a good distance into La Garrone and La Dordogne. I also learnt that the oysters that are such a distinguishing industry of the Atlantic French coast are actually a Japanese species that was transplanted into the region when an epidemic decimated the indigenous Portuguese oysters. Go figure.

The following day I used the morning to visit the Maritime Museum, devoted to the fishing and oyster industries of the region. Without being extraordinary it was very enjoyable. They have several ships in their collection, but only one you can visit at this time, the France 1. This impressive ship was one of the 8 to 10 “stationary” metrological ships deployed on the Atlantic from the 1950’s to the mid 1980’s. The ship went on two-week missions to a given location in the Atlantic, try to stay pretty much at a fixed location all the time, and from there launch meteorological ballons and conduct all sorts of atmospheric, wind, and oceanographic observations that would complement the data obtained from land stations to create synoptic meteorological interpretations at a global scale. They followed up from the meteorological network operated by the Allies during World War II, which is credited with giving them an edge against the German navy and U-Boots (incidentally, a U-Boot base was built by the Germans in La Rochelle, but to late in the war to be of any use to them). Eventually the network of “stationary” meteorological ships was replaced by satellite-based observations and the fleet was retired and disbanded.

Highly satisfied by my visit to La Rochelle, I got ready to take the train back to Bergerac. That is when everything started going wrong. I had an hour to kill before taking the train, so I stopped at the local Carrefour City supermarket to buy something for lunch. Bought a nice salad and a slice of hot pizza, together with something to drink, and I was juggling these three items in my hands when I tripped on the sidewalk and fell hard without being able to use my hands to break the fall. I hit my right elbow and right knee (yes, the same knee I have been talking about) pretty hard, and got a nice cement rash on my right forearm and leg. Somehow I also managed to hit hard my left thumb, which promptly swelled and became useless. A group of young men witnessed the fall and came to my aid because clearly I was unable to stand up, deeply hurt both in body and in spirit. I managed to limp to a bench and wipe the blood oozing from my knee and elbow, gobbled up the slice of pizza, and after a half hour got back on the bike to go to the train station. Ouch, ouch, ouch.

There were quite a few people waiting for the Bordeaux train, and I felt everyone was looking at my bloody knee. There were also four or five bikes, so I had to worry about finding space for my bike. The train arrived at the platform and fortunately the conductor was close to me. So I asked on what wagon would the bikes travel. He gave a frozen look and asked if I was Cynthia DIDIER. I was taken aback and answered that I wasn’t. “Alors, Monsieur, vous n'avez aucune reservation?” (So you don’t have a reservation?). “No” I answered, “I asked at the counter when I bought the ticket and was told I didn’t need one.” “Let me see your ticket … Desolé, you can travel but your veló cannot. You need a bike reservation.” Rats! I then noticed I was not the only one with that problem, for the infamous Madame DIDIER was not among the group of people with bicycles. So I asked, “Well, can I pay for the bike on the train? And then the glacial face relaxed and he told me that it would cost me 20 euros, and to get on board and he would come by to collect the fee. I did and the train was packed, so I had to stay in everybody’s way, sandwiched between a poussette, and gentleman holding a dog on a leash, and an old timer who appeared to be carrying all his world possessions in a shopping bag and a backpack. Eventually the conductor came to me, and in a friendlier tone explained to me that reservations are not needed in some regional trains, but they are required in Intercity and TGV trains, and that if I had made a reservation I would have only had to pay 5 euros, just like the man had paid for his dog. He gave the same lesson to a French girl that had been caught in the same misdemeanor, so I didn’t feel so bad after all (but still had to pay the 20 euros surcharge).

Needless to say, I was glad to arrive home where I could lick my wounds in peace.

France 2024 – Day 38 – Rochefort to La Rochelle

Oops! I missed my goal because when I took a quick look at the map I thought La Rochelle was at the mouth of the estuary, whereas in reality is a bit to the north, on the Atlantic coast (which means I will have to make a later trip to visit the estuary of La Gironde (which is the name given to the river formed by the joining of the rivers of La Dordogne  and La Garrone). 

After realizing that I was being dragged north by the train I made a split moment decision and got down at the station of Rochefort to get a bit of bicycling along the coast before reaching La Rochelle. Ended being 30 km of coastal bike paths, very pretty indeed. In former times this stretch must have been a series of coastal lagoons and small estuaries, later taken by agriculture. But given that the French are very ecologically minded, over the last decades there have been positive efforts to restore some of these wetlands, which makes for a very attractive region. The beaches are a big draw for tourists, and the small coastal towns are beginning to vibrate with excitement as British and American tourists start to be diluted by the influx of French families who are eager to enjoy their summer vacation.

It was a bit early, around 11h30, when I reached the beach-side village of Les Boucholeurs, about half way between Rochefort and La Rochelle. The tide was low, and in the muddy banks “flowers” of oysters were being exposed by the retreating water, looking like oversized black dahlias. Oysters and mussels are a prized delicacy, so I just had to stop at a small restaurant by the seawall to have a dozen fresh oysters. I did have to wait until noon, however, which is the official start of déjeuner, but the waiter was glad to bring me a beer to fill in the time. The oysters came in a cute basket, fresh and clean (how do they get the mud out?), garnished with seawater and a bit of red wine vinegar, but that was it (oh, and there was the very present bread and butter). They were tasty, but I would have liked to have some Tapatío hot sauce to go with them.

Maybe it was the good lunch, or maybe I am just getting old, but the second leg of the trip was definitely harder on my rear, legs, and the infamous right knee. When I finally got to La Rochelle I was hot and tired, and ready to dismount and walk for a few hours. Fortunately I was able to get into my lodgings early, to take a shower and a siesta (it was about 2 pm), which refreshed me quite a bit. But it also gave me time to reconsider the upcoming bicycle trip to follow the Portuguese Camino de Santiago. We are going to be on the road for something like 7 days, with legs that vary between 40 and 60 km per day. If 30 km along the coast do this to me, what are those 7 days be like? I thought long and hard about it, and at the end caved in and decided to join the rest of my group and rent an e-bike for the trip. I am disappointed and feel like it is an acknowledgment that I am getting too old to keep up with my life of adventure, but I need to make sure I can make it to the end of the Camino.

That afternoon I went for a long walk in the old part of the city, which is fairly attractive and totally overrun by tourists. Cyclists and scooter riders are a complete pest, and they zip in and out of streets crowded with slow moving people. Then again, I have to say that tourists are also a pest, crawling at snail speed four-wide on the sidewalks, so anyone trying to get anywhere has no option but to zig-zag among them. Why do people have to stop to consult their phones at the narrowest portion of the walkway?

Unfortunately I was underdressed for the Atlantic climate, which happened to be sunny but with a persistent cool wind blowing from the ocean. This means that when I boarded my sunset catamaran sailing cruise I was promptly convinced that being on the front nets was not going to be for me. Instead I took a front seat inside the cabin, where I could see everyone else being sprayed by the cold ocean as the catamaran plunged into the choppy seas. I did try once to get to the side to get a nice picture of the setting sun (which I did), but the buffeting by the wind and choppy waves promptly sent me back inside. I was very happy the captain deployed the sails and had us run with the wind for a good hour and a half, and was a very satisfied mariner by the time we came back to port.

France 2024 – Days 36 and 37 – Bergerac

I need to get back into the swing of things, which will take me a while. First I had to go to the airport, to return the Cinquecento, and walk back the 4 kilometers back to town through farmland country. I stopped at the open-air market to buy carrots and wild mushrooms, and when I got back home I started a slow-cook stew with a carcasse de canard (the bones of a duck) that I bought for one euro at the supermarket (wonderful things you can find at the supermarket here). While that cooked I caught up on my blog and started on a new chapter of my book, and now I have to contemplate what my next few days will look like.

The loss of my favorite travel companions, The Ashby Trio, has indeed had an effect in my mood, so instead of going out to look for adventure, I spent the day “moping” in front of my computer. As it turns out, it was quite an adventure in its own right! I immersed myself into the intricacies of  OpenTopography.org, which is a website that hosts topographic data obtained mostly by LIDAR (LIght Detection And Ranging), a technique in which a beam of laser light is beamed from an airplane toward the ground, and the time of the reflection return is measured super-accurately (thank you precise electronics), so that knowing the propagation speed of light (300,000 km/sec) and the two way time, they can calculate distance to centimeter level. Knowing the altitude of the plane with great accuracy, you can then figure out the elevation of the ground. Like an old-fashioned topographic survey, but with several values within a square meter, so the precision of the survey is fantastic. “Big deal”, says you, but with that high degree of accuracy many things are possible that would not be feasible using the old methods.

OpenTopography.org (OT) is a project financed by the National Science Foundation, which aims at bringing this type of high-quality topographic data to a lowly user, like moi. I first made use of the service three years ago, during the pandemic, to bring high resolution 3-D images to my Field Geology students, but recently I started a hydrology project at the intersection of the San Joaquin and Tuolumne Rivers, and I wanted by student co-workers to work with a high-quality topographic database. So we have downloaded data from OT and now have to learn how to use it. Fortunately for us, the OT folks have prepared a wonderful set of educational videos, and I spent a happy day looking through them and learning how to query the data directly (rather than going through the incomprehensible Geographic Information Systems [GIS] software).

Imagine my surprise when one of the main presenters was my old student and much respected colleague, Ramón Arrowsmith! Turns out he is one of the co-PIs of this project and has used this type of high-resolution data in his study of active faulting all over the world. I guess you could call him a tectonic geomorphologist, now turned into a high-tech guru of LIDAR, Structure-From-Motion, and anything else that can be used to study small but significant changes in land topography. Ramón did his undergraduate at Whittier College, when both Dallas and I were teaching there, pursued his study of tectonic geomorphology with Dallas, and eventually became one of the luminaries in that field.

So what can you do with high resolution topographic data? Well, for one you can figure where you are and the elevation of the ground below your feet (which is what me and my students are interested in), but you can also measure the height of individual trees and shrubs, calculate biomass, quantify the movement of sand dunes, map the subsidence of the San Joaquin Valley, track the deformation of a landslide, quantify stream erosion, and so many other things I would have never thought about. When you get out of school it is hard to find time to learn something new, but by sequestering myself I have been able to spend a whole day learning about a fascinating new area of earth and planetary science. I am happy 😊

Then again, a day spent at home is like a day spent in Turlock, so I let my fingers do the walking and tomorrow at 6 am I will depart for La Rochelle, on the estuary of La Dordogne, and will bring my bike along for two days of exploration on one of the great estuaries of France. 

France 2024 – Days 34 (Bergerac) and 35 (Saint-Émilion)

We needed a quiet day back at home, which started with Ronnié catching up with his journaling. He practiced a couple of times drawing a woolly rhinoceros, and finally drew it in his journal, with nice colors to simulate his long hair. Picasso could not be prouder than I am with my prehistoric grandson!

The big event was going to the Regional Park of Pombonne, to have Ronnié be a free bird riding Opa’s bike, while the rest of us walked the trails. He had a great time at it, but it was a hot day, and at the end was glad to change into his swimsuit and dive into the lake. Dad followed suit and they both had a great time, while Fabeé and I had a cool Monaco (beer with grenadine and lemonade) at the cafeteria. It is a very civilized European tradition to have a place for adults to enjoy themselves while the kids play 😊

The visit of the Ashby Trio is coming to an end. They have had a great time, and to celebrate we went for a last stroll around the charming downtown of Bergerac, and found ourselves a nice terrace to enjoy a last serving of glace.

The following day, Friday, we had a slow start because backpacks had to be finalized and packed into our powerful Cinquecento. Our last adventure will be a visit to the wine-growing region of Saint-Émilion, as a sample of the viticulture of the southwest of France. The town was packed with American and British tourists, most of them (us?) trying to look knowledgeable and debonair looking at the many wineshops and their exorbitant prices. On one of the shops I saw an aroma-kit, with maybe 40 small vials that represented the different aromas a wine expert might use to describe a wine: pencil shavings, wet leather, fallen leaves, etc. I should get one like that.

DJ had his heart set on the tour of a chateaux and a wine-testing experience, so we found a suitable offer through Booking.com five minutes from Saint-Émilion and got there sharp on 2 pm. Our guide was a charming young man, with excellent command of English, and the comparatively small vineyard (100 hectares or about 220 acres) was stunningly beautiful. We learnt that all Saint-Emilion wines are blends, with about 70% Merlot and 15% Cabernet Franc in their makeup. The key trick, and why some wines are better than others, is the precise blend as designed by the enologist, who uses the wines produced from the grapes from different soils and slopes, as well as wines from the much smaller acreage devoted to Cabernet Sauvignon, Malbec, or Petit Verdot. DJ asked about Pinot Noir (Mon Dieu, not in this region of France!), or Pinot Grigio (Hmpf! One of those white wines that would never be produced in Saint-Émilion), but those conversations never got very far. The wine testing was fine, but of course we soon showed that we had uncultured palates, and the eyes of our gracious host just glazed over. Clearly we were not the type to buy a case of 50 euros a bottle 2016 grand crú, and we chose to leave while we were still friends.

The last leg of the trip brought us to Bordeaux, a big trafficky city that failed to attract us, but where I had to deliver the Ashby Trio to the airport for their return to Barcelona and from there back to California. We had a great visit together, and the memory of the good times supported me through the traffic jam and the hour-long ride back to Bergerac.

France 2024 – Days 32 (Lalinde) and 33 (Rouffignac, Abri Cro-Magnon, and Sarlat)

Today, Tuesday, most museums and tourist sites are closed, so Ronnié came up with the brilliant idea that we could go for a bike ride. We drove 10 km to the village of Lalinde, along La Dordogne, found a bike rental place, and off we went following the bank of the Canal d’Lalinde. It was all we could have expected from a ride along the levees of a beautiful canal, bordered by giant trees, summer camps for kids, schools, and even the local prison!

At the end of a couple of hours we reached a shallow dam on La Dordogne, where we stopped by the obligatory ice cream.

For dinner we enjoyed escargot (snails in a parsley and butter sauce), which Ronnie thought were excellent, a big DJ salad, and a typical Périgord treat of confit de canard (slow-baked duck) sopped with a fresh baguette. Life is tough here in the southwest of France.

The following Wednesday we started early because we had a long day ahead of us. First we reached the town of Rouffignac, which will be remembered by one and all for a good snack of mini-saucissons. Faby has learned the hard way that it is always good to keep her boys well fed before heading for adventure, which this time meant going to visit the cave of Rouffignac. This is a long cave formed by a subterranean stream that followed soft Cretaceous limestones loaded with chert nodules. The cave is several kilometers in length, but you only get to see one kilometer, comfortably (?) seated on a little train that takes you deep into the vowels of the Earth. Now and then the guide would stop to show the black on white outline of a woolly rhinoceros or a mammoth, but the real show came when we got to the end and stepped down from the train. At this place a thick fill of clay (now removed so one can walk into the room) closed against the flat roof of the cave so the artists would have to lay on their backs or sit down to draw dozens of wooly mammoths, artfully represented with just a few strokes of black manganese oxide. I am very fond of simple, black on white designs, and these ponderous processions of giants of a bygone era totally captured my heart. Careful inspection revealed additional horses, wooly rhinoceros, ibexes, and goats, but this time auroxes, buffaloes, or deer were prominently absent. The guide told us that since deer were their main source of food, current thinking was that the designs were probably not related to propitious hunting, as had been believed for many years.

Ronnié was very attentive looking at the designs, and plans to reconstruct one of the drawings in his journal, back at the house. He also treated himself to the reproduction of a bone harpoon that he can wear around his neck, like a true prehistoric boy.

Our next stop was at Les Eyzies, where we were going to visit the Abri Cro-Magnon. This is the place where the first burials of modern humans were found, and it started a big debate about who the actual prehistoric peoples had been. For the longest time it was thought that the Neanderthal had disappeared before the arrival of modern humans, but the new archaeologic evidence from this site showed that the two sub-species had coexisted for quite some time. The displays are well done, and at some point in the 1970’s some actors and actresses reconstructed, in film and in photographs, what a Cro-Magnon tribe might have looked like. Blonde and blue-eyed, the depictions show the bias of the times; today, many anthropologists would depict the Cro-Magnon as being black and significantly neotenic in comparison with the Neanderthal. May I recommend to you “The Dance of the Tiger” by Bjorn Kurten, as a very readable novel of what the encounter between the two subspecies might have looked like?

Our final stop was the medieval core of Sarlat, which Ronnié thought was just boring but where Mom broke out in song at the view of every cute nook and cranny that reminded her of Beauty and the Beast (quite embarrassing, really, but she didn’t care).

Back at home we treated ourselves to a meal of boiled shrimp and sea snails, just because we could.

France 2024 – Day 31 – Lascaux

Day started easy, with a delightful brunch on the sunny terrace in the company of Géraldine who, alas, will be leaving us today to return to her busy life in Paris. To give her a proper sendoff I made a truffe omelet which, for a first attempt, was not that bad. After much laughter we all went to the station, and with many hugs and kisses we said au revoir to our dear friend.

We then jumped into the Cinquecento, because we had big things in store for the afternoon: A beeline to Montignac, where the famous site of Lascaux is located. Lascaux (together with Chauvet near Lyon and Altamira in northern Spain) is one of the finest exponents of polychromatic cave paintings, and I really wanted for Ronnié and family to get a chance to see it. I probably already told you that there are four versions of Lascaux. Lascaux 1 is the original grotto, discovered in 1940 and first open to the public in 1944, at the end of World War II. It was an immediate success, but the traffic of millions of tourists eventually started to damage it, and in 1963 became permanently closed. That is when Lascaux 2 started to be built. In an amazing display of ingenuity, workmanship, and artistic talent, the half of the cave where 90% of the paintings are found was duplicated, to the smallest detail, so we tourists would not be disappointed when we made an artistic pilgrimage to France. The rough shape of the cave was dug with heavy equipment, and then a fiber glass “skin” was cast using LIDAR measurements and glued onto the rough excavation. Then a group of super talented artists carefully painted the original motifs, using the same pigments and techniques used by the Cro-Magnon inhabitants of the region.

Since they had the molds to cast the fiber glass skins, the clever French created Lascaux 3, a traveling exhibition that has toured the world, showing the incredible paintings. I had the chance to see Lascaux 3 in Vancouver a year ago, and ever since have been in love with them. A second set of fiber glass skins has been installed in the super-museum of Lascaux 4 that I visited with Géraldine a week ago. I was torn on whether to visit Lascaux 2 or 4, but at the end we chose Lascaux 2 because it is a closer re-enactment of the wonder with which the four kids that discovered it in 1940 must have felt.

We got there in time to have our picnic and, much to our delight found that our group was of no more than 20 people (thank you Lascaux 4 and the late start of the summer vacation for giving us the elbow room to enjoy the experience without being chocked by a 100+ visitors). Our guide, speaking in French, forewarns us that only half of the cave has been reproduced, and that the cave is not very long (50 m). But then she tells us that the gallery that has been reproduced contains 95% of the paintings, so we will not be missing much. She let us wait in an antechamber while she gets things set, and she comes back carrying a torch, with which she brings us into a first chamber  that is maybe 3 m wide and 6 m tall, and we stare in amazement as out of the dancing flame of the torch emerge the magnificent drawings. It is an explosion of color, with hundreds of delicately painted auroxes, deer, horses, and bisons, and in which the artists have overlapped perfectly recognizable paintings at different scales and orientations. They may have been stories told at different times by different artists, or independent creations in their own separate dimensions to let the shape of the cave walls bring the spirit of the animal out. There is no doubt that they are alive.

As we moved along down the cave, we see that the walls are loaded with fantastic prehistoric beasts, and is a veritable Sistine Chapel of prehistory. Taking photographs is not allowed, but I trust Ronnié will rely on memory to see the polychromatic shading on the flanks of the auroxes, or the running herds of horses (and I will definitely buy him a picture book of Lascaux once I get back home).

Prior to entering the cave the docent stopped by a reproduction of one of the walls of Lascaux, with an imposing black cow. Then she turned out all the lights, turned on a UV light, and like magic a band of horses appeared running all along the wall! We were stunned. She then explained that, in addition of the painted images, there are engraved images all over the cave (remember how I said that these magnificent beasts seem to live in parallel universes?). My theory is that they become visible under UV light because the calcite under the skin of clay of the cave is slightly fluorescent. Alternatively, the sub-millimeter resolution of LIDAR allowed them to “see” the engravings through the mineral paints.

In high spirits we ended the day by walking through the charming town of Montignac.